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<p class="p-noindent-left">
	<a href="/">На главную</a>&#160;&#160;&#8226;&#160;&#160;Скачать в <a href="/scripts/forcedownload/?file_path=%2Fdl%2Fpdf%2Frough_and_ready_grammar_tips.pdf">PDF</a>
</p>
<p class="BookTitle">
	Английский
</p>
<p class="BookTitleSmaller">
	<span class="italic">на&#160;скорую руку</span>
</p>
<p class="BookSubhead">
	Не претендуя на&#160;полный охват, представляем вам сборник кратких подсказок по&#160;употреблению грамматики английского&#160;языка
</p>
<p class="p-UDK-BBK">
	УДК 811.111=00(072)&#187;0/2&#187; (1)(=1.4)/(=1.9)-024
	<br />
	ББК 81.2Англ
</p>
<p class="p-references">
	Это пособие составлено на&#160;основе многолетнего опыта работы с&#160;образовательными онлайн-ресурсами, а&#160;также практической деятельности в&#160;сфере преподавания английского языка в&#160;частном порядке (репетиторстве) школьникам, студентам и&#160;взрослым.
	<br />
	Составитель: С.&#8239;В.&#160;Шиманский
	<br />
	Автор: С.&#8239;В.&#160;Шиманский
	<br />
	Дизайн и&#160;верстка: С.&#8239;В.&#160;Шиманский
	<br />
	Формат: 8,5х11,0
	<br />
	Гарнитура: Adobe Text Pro 11/13,2
	<br />
	&#169;&#160;&#171;Английский без регистрации&#187;, 2013
</p>
<p class="BookdeDication">
	<span class="italic">Посвящается всем адекватным людям или тем, кто считает себя адекватными</span>
</p>
<p class="h2">
	Имена нарицательные и&#160;собственные
</p>
<p class="p-noindent">
	Существительные, классифицирующие объекты, например, <span class="italic">building</span> (здание) являются именами нарицательными и&#160;пишутся с&#160;прописной буквы.<span class="char-style-override-1"></span>
</p>
<p class="p-indent">
	Если Вы говорите о&#160;конкретном здании, например, <span class="italic">Glazier Building</span>, то такое существительное является именем собственным и&#160;пишется с&#160;заглавной&#160;буквы.
</p>
<table class="respond fit-width-strict-spaceabove">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-th">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-italic">нарицательное</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-th">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-italic">собственное</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">city</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">Kansas City</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">company</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">Blaisden Company</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">store</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">Books Galore</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">holiday</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">Christmas</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">month</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">May</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">weekday</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">Wednesday</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">water body</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">the Atlantic Ocean</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">land</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">France</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><p class="p-noindent-left"></p>
<p class="h2">
	who&#160;/ which&#160;/ that и&#160;запятые<span class="char-style-override-2"></span>
</p>
<p class="p-noindent-spacebelow">
	Придаточные предложения выделяются запятыми в&#160;том случае, когда оборот содержит дополнительную информацию о&#160;субъекте&#160;/ объекте:
</p>
<p class="p-example">
	<span class="italic">Anna told me about her new job, which she&#8217;s enjoying a lot.</span>
</p>
<p class="p-indent-spaceboth">
	В данном примере объект <span class="italic">a new job</span> уже самодостаточен и&#160;дополняется информацией <span class="italic">which she&#8217;s enjoying a lot</span>. А&#160;теперь сравните со&#160;следующим примером:
</p>
<p class="p-example">
	<span class="italic">Grace works for a company that makes furniture.</span>
</p>
<p class="p-indent-spaceboth">
	Здесь <span class="italic">a company</span> уточняется придаточным <span class="italic">that makes furniture</span>, которое не&#160;несет дополнительной информации. Сравните еще два примера:
</p>
<p class="p-example">
	<span class="italic">1) We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.</span>
</p>
<p class="p-example">
	<span class="italic">2) We stayed at the hotel (that) you recommended.</span>
</p>
<p class="p-address">
	(Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use Extra: Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which. Fourth Edition &#169;&#160;Cambridge University Press 2012, P. 190)
</p>
<p class="h2">
	Когда must = &#171;должно быть&#187;?
</p>
<p class="p-noindent-spacebelow">
	Помимо &#171;должен&#160;/ обязан&#187; must может означать &#171;должно быть&#187;. Это&#160;справедливо всегда, если must находится перед континиусным или перфектным инфинитивом.
</p>
<p class="p-example">
	&#8216;Joe is a hard worker.&#8217; &#8216;joe? You&#160;must be joking. He&#160;doesn&#8217;t do anything.&#8217;
</p>
<p class="p-example">
	&#8216;We used to live very near the motorway.&#8217; &#8216;Did you? lt must have been noisy.&#8217;
</p>
<p class="p-indent-spaceboth">
	<span class="bold">Must</span>&#160;+ простой инфинитив также может означать &#171;должно быть&#187;:
</p>
<p class="p-example">
	You&#8217;ve been travelling all day. You&#160;must be tired. (Travelling is tiring and you&#8217;ve been travelling all day, so you must be tired.)
</p>
<p class="p-example">
	Louise must get very bored in her job. She&#160;does the same thing every&#160;day.
</p>
<p class="p-indent-spaceboth">
	<span class="bold">Can&#8217;t</span> и <span class="bold">couldn&#8217;t</span> может означать недовольство, выраженное словом &#171;неужели&#187;&#160;+ утвердительная форма глагола:
</p>
<p class="p-example">
	You&#8217;ve just had lunch. You&#160;can&#8217;t be hungry already.
</p>
<p class="p-address">
	(Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use Extra: Must and Can&#8217;t. Fourth Edition &#169;&#160;Cambridge University Press 2012, P. 56)
</p>
<p class="h2">
	In hospital&#160;/ at work&#160;etc.
</p>
<p class="p-noindent">
	<span class="italic">In hospital&#160;/ in prison&#160;/ in jail</span>, но: <span class="italic">at work&#160;/ at school&#160;/ at university&#160;/ at college</span>&#160;&#8212; означает не&#160;сколько нахождение в&#160;помещении, сколько деятельность, связанную с&#160;этими объектами, то есть &#171;отбывать наказание, отправлять религиозные культы, учиться&#187; и&#160;тд.
</p>
<p class="p-indent">
	Однако <span class="italic">In the hospital&#160;/ in the prison&#160;/ in the jail</span>, а&#160;также: <span class="italic">in the school&#160;/ in the university&#160;/ in the college</span>&#160;&#8212; означает, наоборот, внутри объекта, а не&#160;деятельность, связанную с&#160;ним.
</p>
<table class="respond fit-width-strict-spaceabove">
	<thead>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-th">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-italic">деятельность</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-th">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-italic">пребывание внутри</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">at sea</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in the sea</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in&#160;/ at the shop</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in&#160;/ at the shop</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">at the hotel</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in the hotel</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in&#160;/ at the restaurant</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in&#160;/ at the restaurant</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in Paris&#160;/ in a village</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in Paris&#160;/ in a village</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">at the station</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in the station</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in prison</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in the prison</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">at church</span>
			</p></td><td class="table-strict-td">
			<p class="p-noindent-left">
				<span class="td-normal">in the church</span>
			</p></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table><p class="p-noindent-left"></p>
<p class="p-address">
	(Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use Extra: In&#160;/ at&#160;/ on (position) 3. Fourth Edition &#169;&#160;Cambridge University Press 2012, P. 250)
</p>
<p class="p-noindent-left">
	<a href="/scripts/forcedownload/?file_path=%2Fdl%2Fpdf%2Frough_and_ready_grammar_tips.pdf">Полностью читать в&#160;PDF</a>
</p>
<p class="p-references">
	Copyright &#169; 2006-2013 &#171;Английский без регистрации&#187;&#160;&#8212; еще не&#160;издательство, но&#160;уже&#160;бренд
</p>
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